Chapter 1: Nomenclature

• meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec, undec, dodec (1-12 carbons)
• Alcohols: "-ol" if parent chain or "hydroxy-" if a substituent
• Alcohols with two hydroxyl groups: "-diol"
• Aldehydes: "-al" if parent chain or "oxo-" if a substituent
• Ketones: "-one" if parent chain or "oxo-" if a substituent
• Methanal = formaldehyde. Ethanal = acetaldehyde. Propanal = propionaldehyde.
• Acetone = ethylmethylketone
• Methanoic = formic. ethanoic = acetic. Propanoic = propionic (for carboxylic acids)
• For esters (carboxy acid derivatives), replace "-oic acid" with "-oate"
  • the group attached to the C=O is named with the "oate". the group attached to the O connected to the C=O is put before the "oate"
• For amides (carboxy acid derivatives), replace "-oic acid" with "-amide"
• For anhydrides, replace "acid" with "anhydride"
• Priority of Functional Groups: Carboxylic acid, Anhydride, Ester, Amide, Aldehyde, Ketone, Alcohol, Alkene, Alkyne, Alkane

Chapter 2: Isomers

• Structural Isomers (Constitutional Isomers): same molecular formula with different structures
  • they have different chemical and physical properties
• Stereoisomers: same molecular formula and same atomic connectivity (but in different arrangements within space— meaning wedges and dashes are different)
• Conformational Isomers: different by rotation around a single (sigma) bond
  • think cyclic conformations (chair, boat, twist boat), Newman projections, and ring flips
• Configurational Isomers: can change from one form to another by breaking and reforming covalent bonds
  • enantiomers: mirror images with same connectivity but different configuration at every chiral center (broke and switched everything)
    • they have the same physical and chemical properties, but different (equal and opposite) optical activities
  • diastereomers: non-mirror-image isomers. when not all of the chiral centers have been broken and switched.
    • the total number of stereoisomers possible is 2^n (n = number of chiral centers)
    • they have different chemical and physical properties
  • cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers): subtype of diastereomers that occurs around a double bond or a ring structure
    • used when there is only one sub on either side of the immovable bond
  • meso compounds: compounds with chiral centers and an internal plane of symmetry. these are not optically active.
  • Relative configuration: gives the stereochemistry of a compound in comparison to another molecule
  • Absolute configuration: gives the stereochemistry of a compound without comparing it to other molecules
    • this includes E and Z, R and S, and wedges and dashes